Some Features on the Nugget/Navajo Sandstone, San Rafael Swell, Utah

A dinosaur track in the top of the Jurassic Nugget Sandstone (also called the Navajo Sandstone) on the San Rafael Swell, Utah. This was located in the bottom of a wash and has since been covered or eroded away. The middle toe must have been loaded with mud as the dinosaur stepped into this spot.

An interesting structure on the same surface as the dino print above. I thought this might be a burrow of some type, but my friend and colleague, Dr. Steven Hasiotis, who is an expert in trace fossils was unconvinced. We decided it must be some kind of fluid "pebble dike" like structure, where the solid sandstone was broken up and then redeposited as water or other fluids moved through the rock.

Also found on the Nugget Sandstone on the San Rafael Swell, this picture shows the individual avalanche deposits of sand that tumbled down the dune face before this became a rock.

Here is another view of this dune in the Nugget Sandstone. You can see the surface with the avalanche deposits in the foreground and in the background a lower face of the dune that is covered with ripples.

In one spot on this petrified dune, there were these small circle-like structures (see piece of chalk for scale). I am not sure what caused them.

Just below the dunes shown above, the sandstone is ribbed with giant polygonal cracks filled with sandstone that is slightly more resistant to erosion. My colleague, Ron Blakey at Univ. of Northern Arizona has published several papers on these structures.

One of the most interesting features to me found on a couple of the dune faces were these  triangular and rectangular structures. They represent salt or gypsum that crystallized in the sand and, after leaving an impression, dissolved away.

Another probable dinosaur undertrack on the top of the Nugget.

Along the edge of the wash, a series of these possible dino tracks seem to form a trackway.

The Late Triassic in the southern Uinta Mountains

One of my former graduate students (Paul Jensen) and one of my current graduate students (Skyler May) have worked on these Late Triassic Rocks along the south flank of the Uinta Mountains. They are interesting rocks with interesting sedimentary structures. We traveled out there this week to look at them again.

Panoramic view of one of the ships in the Red Fleet along the south flank of the Uintas. The particular rocks we are studying are the rocks that make up the "deck" of the ship and the red cliff above the lower slope. The lower slope is the Chinle Formation, the red cliff and deck of the ship are the Bell Springs Formation, and the upper lighter red rocks forming the top part of the ship are the Nugget Sandstone.

Rippled sandstone with small clay lumps on the ripples. As the water flowed past the clay lumps, they allowed sand grains to accumulate in their flow "shadow" showing that the water was flowing from the upper left to the lower right across this bed.

This layer of sand was covered by a thin layer of mud that dried out and cracked. The cracks were then filled in with more sand. Fossilized mudcracks are common in the Bell Springs Formation.

The massive red cliff sandstone is almost entirely composed of ripple laminated, very fine sand as seen in this photo. The individual ripple layers are 1-3 cm in thickness with ripple wavelengths typically 2-6 cm. In places, a few mud lumps are found in the sandstone, as seen near the top of this photo and some ripples have thin mud drapes.

Occasionally, small fluid escape tepees, as seen here, can be found in the rippled sandstone. In addition, the sand is pock marked with small burrows and bioturbation, seen here and below.

Color and b&w shot of bioturbated portion of the red sandstone cliff. Here the burrowing has almost completely destroyed the ripples, although some can still be seen in a place or two.

The small white rectangular blades and rosettes seen on this sandstone surface are salt casts: places where salt crystals grew in the sand and then later dissolved away. This layer of sandstone is at the top of the red cliff and forms the first layer of the deck of the Red Fleet ship.

Standing here on the surface with the salt casts is Doug Sprinkel of the Utah Geological Survey. Between Doug's feet and hat are a series of sand layers that lie like the shingles on a roof dipping to the left. These were likely deposited on the point bar of a small river.

Above the point bar deposits are layers with small cross-bed sets. The lower set seen here has been truncated by a second set. The contact between the two sets (a few inches above the hammer handle) is wavy and the first sand deposited into the waves has layering that follows the wavy boundary before the second sand set becomes established.

Here is a close up of the contact described above. The lower cross-bed set truncated along the wavy surface. Then the sand filling in the waves, then a thin crinkly bed with a slightly darker color, and finally the second cross-bed set.

Crinkly beds in these sandstones as seen here in this 2004 photo, may be due to algal growth on the sand shortly after it was deposited.

Cross-bedded sandstones about 0.5 m in thickness are separated by crinkly sandstone layers near the top of the red cliff in the Bell Springs Formation. This photo was taken in 2004.

Here the Bell Springs Formation is exposed in Dinosaur National Monument to the east of the Red Fleet section and the big cliff forming sandstone that was characteristic of the formation at Red Fleet is absent. Photo taken in 2012.

Ron Blakey's paleogeographic map of the Bell Springs Formation time period. According to his map, northeastern Utah would have been part of a broad fluvial plain stretching out to the west from the highland areas of Colorado to the ocean and island arc along the western margin of North America.

Crater Lake and Mount Saint Helens in 1993

In 1993 a group of faculty and students from BYU traveled to Crater Lake and Mount St. Helens. It was 13 years after the 1980 eruption. We planned to hike into the eruption crater. But first a few shots of Crater Lake. Above a couple of Clark's Nutcrackers wait for us to feed them.

 The lake was so smooth and calm that in some pictures it is hard to tell where the lake ends, like the picture below where the crater rim seems to float out into the middle of the sky.

It looks so beautiful and peaceful that its hard to imagine it was once the site of terrible devastation as Mount Mazama erupted to form the crater.

 The Pinnacles shown above are eroded remnants of old fumaroles that released gases through the ash flow tuff that erupted out of Mount Mazama.

 The day of our hike into the summit of Mount St. Helens was in late August and the night before the hike, it snowed on the mountain. I had no coat to wear, so I purchased this vest to keep me warm on the hike. Here I am standing at a rest stop about halfway up into the crater.

The snow cover and clouds produced a mystical feeling as we marched up the mountain. As we entered the crater, we could hear rocks falling almost continuously off of the walls of the crater.

The view of the mountain from a distance. Our hike took us up into the heart of the eruption crater.

Around the mountain as we drove and toured, we saw the recovery of life on the slopes that had been devastated by the blast of the eruption, knocking down an entire forest of trees and laying them out all in the same direction as the blast passed by.

Near the visitor's center was a car demolished by the blast from the volcano with a few of our group looking on. You can watch a video about the eruption produced by the USGS here. Don Swanson, who is featured in the video, was our guide up the mountain in 1993.

Brazil in the year 2000 at International Geological Congress

In 2000, I traveled to Rio de Janeiro to attend the International Geological Congress and took my daughter Leanna and nephew Ryan along. We had a great time in the beautiful country of Brazil and took a couple of field trips out into the mining districts near Rio.

Beautiful Rio on a cloudy day.

It was a bit windy the day we went up to see the view over Rio.

Garnet-cordierite gneiss outcrops near Rio.

Folded gneiss in outcrops near Rio.

Another view of Rio.

Alexandrite gem mine.

The day's haul of alexandrite from the mine.

Amazonite and tourmaline in pegmatite mine.

Geologists at the amazonite pegmatite mine.

Fractured aquamarine crystals up to 2 feet in diameter and several feet long in a pegmatite mine.

Our field trip bus stuck in a ditch in the road.

Leanna and Ryan waiting to descend into the emerald mine.

Our bus arrives at one of the emerald diggings where locals hock their gems to the visiting tourists.

Topaz crystals (orange) on conveyor belt sorted out of the gravels at the mine.

The scenic city of Ouro Preto, Brazil, an old mining town that now is a tourist destination and university town.

Another view of Ouro Preto.

Cobblestone streets in Ouro Preto.

Church in Ouro Preto.

Leanna at the soapstone market in Ouro Preto.